Tracing the Dynamics of Built-up Land Expansion Over Two Decades (2004–2024) in Pekanbaru City, Riau Province
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Abstract
Regional development marked by the expansion of built-up land is widely recognized as a key indicator for understanding urbanization dynamics and land use change, particularly in urban areas. This study aims to analyze the growth dynamics of built-up land over two decades (2004 to 2024) using remote sensing technology through the Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) algorithm. The research utilized Landsat satellite imagery Landsat 5 TM (2004, 2008, and 2012) and Landsat 8 OLI-TIRS (2016, 2020, and 2024) processed using the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform and geographic information system (GIS) software. NDBI values were calculated for each observation period to identify the spatial and temporal distribution of built-up areas. The analysis revealed a significant increase in built-up land from 2004 to 2024, totaling 26,355.55 hectares, or 17.52%. This growth predominantly occurred in suburban areas experiencing population increases and infrastructure development. Such land use transformation has led to a reduction in green open space and increased potential environmental risks. The findings underscore the importance of continuous spatial monitoring as a basis for formulating sustainable spatial policies. The NDBI-based approach has proven to be an effective and efficient method for detecting and visualizing built-up land growth patterns, providing valuable data for more adaptive and responsive urban planning.
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